Símbolo | Ge |
Número atómico | 32 |
Grupo | 14 (Familia del carbono) |
Período | 4 |
Bloque | p |
Clasificación | Semimetal |
Apariencia | Grayish-white |
Color | Gris |
Número de protones | 32 p+ |
Número de neutrones | 41 n0 |
Número de electrones | 32 e- |
Fase en STP | Sólido |
Densidad | 5.323 g/cm3 |
Peso atómico | 72.6308 u |
Punto de fusión | 1211.4 K 938.25 °C 1720.85 °F |
Punto de ebullición | 3106 K 2832.85 °C 5131.13 °F |
Entalpía de vaporización | 334.3 kJ/mol |
Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling) | 2.01 |
Afinidad electrónica | 118.935 kJ/mol |
Estado de oxidación | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
Energía de ionización |
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Predicción | Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) |
Descubrimiento y primer aislamiento | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
Descubrimiento de germanio Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the discovery of the elements. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements, including one that would fill a gap in the carbon family, located between silicon and tin. Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon (Es), and he estimated its atomic weight to be 70 (later 72). In 1886, Clemens Winkler at Freiberg University found the new element, along with silver and sulfur, in the mineral argyrodite. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. |